Category: News

How to create an LTspice model from PSpice or Tina-TI model?

Post author By Kenneth
Post date December 17, 2022
No Comments on How to create an LTspice model from PSpice or Tina-TI model?

LTspice is a SPICE-based analogue electronic circuit simulator computer software produced by semiconductor manufacturer Analog Devices (originally by Linear Technology).[1] It is the most widely distributed and used SPICE software in the industry.[2] Although LTspice is a great free-to-use SPICE software with many built-in models, the models are either generic models or Analog Devices specific components. You will need to import other manufacturers’ models into LTspice. In this post, I will discuss the import of the TINA-TI or PSpice model. If the model contains “SUBCKT”, you can easily do it.

Importing from PSpice
Importing from TINA-TI
How to make the model portable?

Importing from PSpice

This import method is the easiest. Let’s follow the following steps:

Download the PSpice model from the manufacturer’s website. For this post, I will use TMUX6212 as an example.
You will find a few files in the model compress file, but the only file of interest here is a .lib file. In this case, it is TMUX6212.lib.
Open that file in LTspice.
Highlight the component name besides “.SUBCKT”.
Right-click and select “Create Symbol”.
Click Yes.
LTSpice will auto-generate the symbol with a “.asy” extension into the auto-generated folder of LTspice (C:\Users\user\Documents\LTspiceXVII\lib\sym\AutoGenerated). Take note that the path depends on your settings.
You can feel free to re-arrange the symbol and save it.
You can add the symbol from the component library to your schematic. Please test the model before using it. In my example, you can conduct simple tests like whether the logic, switching, and power rails work. You can also go deeper to test resistance and bandwidth. I will not discuss the testing method in this post.

Importing from TINA-TI

Before you begin, you need to ensure you have installed TINA-TI. If you have, you may proceed.

A component page usually comes with a TINA-TI simulation reference design schematic to download. In my case, I will use MUX36D04 as an example.
Downloading the reference design will give you “sbom969a.tsc”.
Open that file in TINA-TI.
Right-click on the model and select “Enter Macro”.
This action will open the macro file. Now perform a “Save As”, and this will create a .cir file.
Open the .cir file in LTspice.
Highlight the component name besides “.SUBCKT” and right-click. Then select “Create Symbol”.
Click YES
LTSpice will auto-generate the symbol with a “.asy” extension into the auto-generated folder of LTspice (C:\Users\user\Documents\LTspiceXVII\lib\sym\AutoGenerated). Take note that the path depends on your settings.
You can feel free to re-arrange the symbol and save it.
You can add the symbol from the component library to your schematic. Please test the model before using it. In my example, you can conduct simple tests like whether the logic, switching, and power rails work. You can also go deeper to test resistance and bandwidth. I will not discuss the testing method in this post.

How to make the model portable?

Occasionally, you want the imported model to be portable so that you can share the simulation schematic.

Follow the above import instruction for either PSpice or TINA-TI.
Go to the AutoGenerated folder and open the symbol file using a text editor.
Remove the absolute path of the model file. I will modify the following line to “SYMATTR ModelFile TMUX6212.lib” in my example.
2. This will change the symbol to read from the lib file within the same folder.
Copy the model file into the same folder as the symbol. The model file can be either a .lib file or a .cir file, depending on where you import from.
To use this symbol in your schematic, you need to place the schematic, symbol and model file into the same folder because the LTspice component select dialogue only shows two directories by default – your schematic directory and the installation component library directory.

I hope you will find this post useful in your simulation journey.

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[1] “LTspice”. Analog Devices. Archived from the original on December 3, 2018.

[2] “LTspice XVII Introduction”. LTwiki. Archived from the original on December 2, 2018.

Tags ltspice, thesis

News

A new chapter

To celebrate our 6th anniversary, we designed and trademarked a new logo to celebrate our past successes and symbolise the future of Thesis. At Thesis, we pride ourselves on helping shape our customers’ future. Our work helps our customers extend their technological advantage over the competition and opens up new growth opportunities. To illustrate this, we designed our new logo, symbolising a tree of growth and a door of golden opportunity.

With our new brand logo, we look forward to an exciting new chapter of product development with our customers and our product release.

Tags new chapter, thesis, trademark

News Uncategorized

Ingress Protection Codes and Ratings

Post author By The MK
Post date March 7, 2018

Ingress Protection Codes and Ratings

Regardless of how smart your electronics are, they need protection against the elements and daily handling, which comes in the form of an enclosure that provides mechanical and/or water protection. Some recent notable devices are the water-resistant Samsung Galaxy S8, iPhone X and wearables such as the Apple Watch Series 3 and most, if not all, modern smartwatches.

The term “water-resistant” does not necessarily mean that the device is “waterproof” or submergible, and the standard now used to measure the “waterproof-ness” of a device is known as the IP Code or Ingress Protection marking, which is based on ANSI-IEC60529 standards that classify and rate the degree of protection provided against intrusion such as dust particles, and water by mechanical casings and electrical enclosures. The standard is published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The equivalent European standard is EN 60529.

IP codes are useful references to quantify a device’s water resistance, and mobile phone manufacturers have been marketing them to demonstrate the water resistance of their flagships. For example, Apple’s iPhone X is IP67 rated and the Samsung S8 has a rating of IP68. So what does IP68 or IP67 mean? Here’s a useful breakdown of those ratings.

Protection against Solids

The first numeral represents the level of protection against ingress of solids such as dust or sand, the ratings range from 0 to 6. The levels represent the size of particles that the device can keep out. The larger the particle, the lower the rating. As the device becomes increasingly capable of keeping out tiny particles, the rating gets higher.

Protection against liquids

Levels of ingress protection against liquids are 0-9K. These levels denote the movement, depth, and pressure of water the device is capable of withstanding. The higher the number, the greater the water resistance. In mobile technology, we generally see ratings 0-8, without any “K” designations, which denote increased water pressure.

Some manufacturers may go beyond the code itself and publish further specifications on the duration and depth of the water-resistant rating as part of differentiating in their marketing and this is usually done for adventure/outdoor types of devices such as fitness trackers.

An “X” put in place of the solid or liquid numeral denotes that the device is not rated for solid- or liquid- ingress protection. This is different from a complete lack of protection (which would be a zero). For example, an “IPX6” rating represents that the device is not rated for solid-ingress protection, but has level ‘6’ liquid-ingress protection.

In a nutshell, products that are designed to withstand environmental elements are given an IP rating. This will be the letter IP followed by two numbers. The first of these numbers indicates how well a device can withstand dust and solid objects, the second number indicates how well the device can withstand water. Any water-resistant phone that you buy will have an IP rating mentioned somewhere and depending on this rating will be able to withstand different movements, depths, and pressure of water. The most common IP water ratings for phones are 6, 7 and 8 (remember that we’re looking at the second number, so that’s IPX6, IPX7, and IPX8, where the X is a different number indicating dust resistance).

A device or smartphone with an IPX6 rating can withstand strong jets of water from any direction for 3 minutes (for example, a shower) but cannot be immersed in water whilst an IPX7 device can be immersed in water anywhere from 15cm to 1-m in depth for up to 30 minutes. An IPX8 rating means that the device can be immersed in water over 1 m in depth for an extended period.

What is IP69K?
The IP69K rating is the highest protection available and is a protection provision for high-temperature and high-pressure water which is prescribed by Germany’s standard DIN 40050-9 and is not a standard in IEC 60529. IP69K rating specifies a spray nozzle that is fed with 80°C water at 80 to 100 Bar and a flow rate of 14 to 16 L/min – making products with this certification ideal for use in conditions where equipment must be carefully sanitized such as devices in industries such as food processing, where hygiene and cleanliness are paramount, and equipment must be able to withstand rigorous high pressure, high-temperature washing procedures.

Water resistance does not apply to all liquids.

It is important to note that water resistance does not mean that the device is indestructible. For example, a common scenario is where a smartphone is accidentally thrown into the washing machine along with regular laundry. Whilst the water-resistant conditions of IP7 or IP8 may be met, the constant tumbling action may crack the waterproof O-ring or seal and the water resistance is lost. Another factor is the presence of chemicals. The IP rating specifies only resistance to water, not chemicals. Chlorine in swimming pools, corrosive seawater, acids present in liquid foods, surfactants in detergents, alkalis in household cleaners and alcohols in beer or wine could damage the device despite its water resistance.

Design Principles

Designing environmental protection or water resistance for devices is now more important than ever with IoT sensors or smart devices being placed into a new environment or for a new application where the device is subjected to environmental and weather conditions. By far the simplest and most common method of waterproofing is the addition of an O-ring between enclosure joints or barriers.

However, that approach may not be that straightforward when there are ports or connectors on the device, such as a power connector, a USB charging socket or a headphone socket. Or when the device emits a considerable amount of heat from its electronics that must be vented away, precluding the option to seal a device completely.

As each application varies, the design of new smart devices or IoT systems will need careful planning and engineering. Do contact us for queries on your next project!

News Tech bites

Effects of EM radiation on the human body from nearby communication devices

Post author By The MK
Post date July 18, 2017

There is increasing public concern that adverse health effects may arise from exposure to radiofrequency (RF) sources, particularly due to the increasing use of mobile and wearable devices with growing radio-communication capabilities such as GSM, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth. This is particularly true with wearables, which are usually worn on the body and sometimes in direct contact with the. The primary concern is that the RF electromagnetic fields can be absorbed by tissues of the human body and could potentially lead to carcinogenic or adverse health effects [1].

Since then, dozens of studies have been done to investigate the possible adverse effects of radio-communication devices near the human body with various review articles published. Specific absorption rate (SAR) is a measure of energy absorption by the body from the source being measured when exposed to a transmitting source [2, 3], which is defined as the power absorbed per mass of tissue. It has units of watts per kilogram (W/kg) and the value is averaged either over the whole body or overstated volume or mass (typically 10g of tissue). SAR provides a straightforward means for measuring the RF exposure characteristics of devices, which in most studies are usually mobile phones, due to the increasing prevalence of mobile smartphones.

Studies in 1998 hypothesize possible effects when the transmitter is in close proximity to the head (brain) [4]. However new studies done with Bluetooth transmission at 2.45Ghz with a 100mW normalized radiation power showed SAR values averaging at 0.4W/Kg [5], and 10µW/kg over 24 hours [6] – all well below ICNIRP limits of 2W/Kg [7] and FCC limits of 1.6W/Kg [8]. The results of epidemiological studies on mobile phones or broadcasting stations are inconclusive or have no known direct ill health effects on humans [1, 4-6, 9-24].

Noting public concerns and understanding of academic studies investigating the health effects of radiating devices thus far, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)’s 47 C.F.R. 1.1307(b), 1.1310, 2.1091, 2.1093 guidelines require that smartphones sold have a SAR level at or below 1.6W/kg taken over the volume containing a mass of 1g of tissue that is absorbing the most signal [8, 12]. The European Union’s CENELEC specifies SAR limits within the region, following IEC 62209-1 [25] standards. For mobile phones and other handheld devices, the SAR limit is 2 W/kg averaged over the 10g of tissue absorbing the most signal.

The SARs for the iPhone 6 models can be found here, whilst future mobile and wearable devices complying with the emission power and SAR value not exceeding 1.6W/Kg would be a suitable design guideline [26]. A new generation of tracking and wearable technologies are designed with SAR values of <1W/Kg and will be suitable for long-term deployment in close proximity to humans.

With the explosive growth of IoT and WSNs and as the number of radio-communication devices around us increases with the increased use of wearables and reliance on smartphones, it’s important to note that safety needs to be part of a new technology of device design considerations, and over extended periods of time, and keeping RF emissions from these communication devices within acceptable limits will enable quicker regulatory approval, is socially responsible for engineers introducing new devices into the market.

References

Qing, X., et al. Characterization of RF transmission in human body. in Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSURSI), 2010 IEEE. 2010. IEEE.
EN50383, C., Basic standard for the calculation and measurement of electromagnetic field strength and SAR related to human exposure from radio base stations and fixed terminal stations for wireless telecommunication systems (110 MHz–40 GHz). Technical committee, 2002. 211.
Christ, A., et al., Characterization of the electromagnetic near-field absorption in layered biological tissue in the frequency range from 30 MHz to 6000 MHz. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2006. 51(19): p. 4951.
Frey, A.H., Headaches from cellular telephones: are they real and what are the implications? Environmental health perspectives, 1998. 106(3): p. 101.
Pizarro, Y., et al. Specific absorption rate (SAR) in the head of Google glasses and Bluetooth user’s. in Communications (LATINCOM), 2014 IEEE Latin-America Conference on. 2014. IEEE.
Neubauer, G., et al., Feasibility of future epidemiological studies on possible health effects of mobile phone base stations. Bioelectromagnetics, 2007. 28(3): p. 224-230.
Ahlbom, A., et al., Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). Health physics, 1998. 74(4): p. 494-521.
Fields, R.E., Evaluating compliance with FCC guidelines for human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. 1997.
Baan, R., et al., Carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. The lancet oncology, 2011. 12(7): p. 624-626.
Bit-Babik, G., et al., Simulation of exposure and SAR estimation for adult and child heads exposed to radiofrequency energy from portable communication devices. Radiation research, 2005. 163(5): p. 580-590.
Christ, A., et al., The dependence of electromagnetic far-field absorption on body tissue composition in the frequency range from 300 MHz to 6 GHz. IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques, 2006. 54(5): p. 2188-2195.
Commission, F.C., Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) for Cell Phones: What It Means for You. 2014.
Kshetrimayum, R.S., Mobile phones: Bad for your health? IEEE Potentials, 2008. 27(2).
Repacholi, M.H., Low‐level exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: Health effects and research needs. Bioelectromagnetics, 1998. 19(1): p. 1-19.
Dhami, A., Studies on Cell-Phone Radiation Exposure inside a Car and near a Bluetooth Device. International Journal of Environmental Research, 2015. 9(3): p. 977-980.
See, T.S.P., et al. RF transmission in/through the human body at 915 MHz. in Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSURSI), 2010 IEEE. 2010. IEEE.
Hietanen, M. and T. Alanko, Occupational exposure related to radiofrequency fields from Wireless communication systems. http://www.ursi.org/Proceedings/ProcGA05/pdf, 2005. 3.
Ahlbom, A., et al., Epidemiology of health effects of radiofrequency exposure. Environmental health perspectives, 2004. 112(17): p. 1741.
De Salles, A.A., G. Bulla, and C.E.F. Rodriguez, Electromagnetic absorption in the head of adults and children due to mobile phone operation close to the head. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2006. 25(4): p. 349-360.
Faruque, M.R.I., M.T. Islam, and N. Misran, Analysis of SAR levels in human head tissues for four types of antennas with portable telephones. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2011. 5(3): p. 96-107.
Beard, B.B., et al., Comparisons of computed mobile phone induced SAR in the SAM phantom to that in anatomically correct models of the human head. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2006. 48(2): p. 397-407.
Bernardi, P., et al., Specific absorption rate and temperature elevation in a subject exposed in the far-field of radio-frequency sources operating in the 10-900-MHz range. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 2003. 50(3): p. 295-304.
Christ, A., et al., Assessing human exposure to electromagnetic fields from wireless power transmission systems. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2013. 101(6): p. 1482-1493.
Christ, A. and N. Kuster, Differences in RF energy absorption in the heads of adults and children. Bioelectromagnetics, 2005. 26(S7).
Comission, I.E. IEC 62209-1:2016 Measurement procedure for the assessment of specific absorption rate of human exposure to radio frequency fields from hand-held and body-mounted wireless communication devices – Part 1: Devices used next to the ear (Frequency range of 300 MHz to 6 GHz). 2016.
Joshi, P., et al., Output Power Levels of 4G User Equipment and Implications on Realistic RF EMF Exposure Assessments. IEEE Access, 2017.

Tags Design, EMI, RF, safety, SAR, wearables, Wireless

News Tech bites

Designing with Bluetooth 5.0

Post author By The MK
Post date April 13, 2017

One of the ubiquitous wireless communication methods has gotten even better. Bluetooth SIG has released Bluetooth 5 (BT5), an enhancement to the current Bluetooth Low Energy v4.2. The key updates to Bluetooth 5 are 8x data, 4x range, and 2x speed, as well as improved interoperability and coexistence with other wireless technologies. For a designer and consumer, here’s what you need to know about the new BT5.

1. Eight times the data

BT5 sports a larger broadcasting capacity. The size of the message has increased from 31 to 255 octets. To be more specific, the broadcasting capacity affects only the advertising message. This is particularly useful for a beacon-like application, whereby longer sensor data can be transmitted without pairing a device.

On top of a larger broadcasting capacity, BT5 also introduced a new feature called “Advertising extensions”. This is to alleviate the possibility of the three advertising channels being over-congested, as there might exist beacon-like devices with a large broadcasting message and slow on-air transmission rate such as 125kb/s. The new feature mitigates this by keeping the shorter advertising message on the three advertising channels and offloading the longer data broadcast message to a pre-selected non-advertising channel (out of the 37 broadcasting channels). Another function of “Advertising extensions” is the ability to chain advertising packets to create a longer payload (>255 octets). This is akin to a long write, whereby a longer payload is broken down and sent via multiple max octet messages.

2. Four times the range

BLE 4.2 has a typical range of 10 to 20m and the new BT5 specification quadruples the range over which devices can transmit and receive data. In one of the demo videos from Nordic Semiconductor, a BT5 device was tested in a clear line-of-sight outdoor environment and it covered well over 770m (link)! However, there’s one caveat: the longer range the lower your data throughput.

With a longer-range coverage, this opens BT5 to a new set of potential applications and use cases. Product designers could now potentially design wireless home appliances to cover an entire house, e.g. a wireless sound bar system connected tightly to your phone regardless of the phone location within the home while keeping crisp and clear sounds wirelessly transmitting to the soundbar.

3. Twice the speed

The next major enhancement for BT5 is doubling the transmission speed from 1 to 2Mb/s while still using the same Gaussian frequency shift keying (GFSK) modulation. Coupled with advancements introduced in BLE 4.2 which allowed for Data Length Extensions (DLE), the overall throughput is 5x higher than BLE 4.0. The improved data rate means a decrease in the transmission time for data, giving designers the ability to design new applications that simply need more data throughput than was possible previously such as enabling much faster Over the Air Device Firmware Upgrades (OTA-DFU). Nordic Semiconductor has written a blog on this with a demo video to showcase the enhancement transmission speed of BT5 (link).

4. Improved operability

With the 2.4GHz ISM band getting increasingly congested, there’s always a possibility that our other 2.4GHz devices, e.g. LTE-enabled devices, get interfered or interfere with our Bluetooth device. Bluetooth SIG has introduced slot availability masks detection to prevent such interference. This feature works with the Mobile Wireless Standard (MWS) system.

Nordic Semiconductor nRF52840 Bluetooth 5-ready SoCs

THESIS now offers BT5 project development capability based on Nordic’s new nRF52840 and nRF52832 multiprotocol SoCs which are designed to take advantage of these significant performance advancements of BT5. Nordic’s nRF52840 is based on the powerful 64MHz Cortex-M4F microcontroller that meets the needs of the most demanding complex arithmetic applications such as inertial measurement (IMU) and biosensor analogue signal processing. The chip supports DSP instructions, HW accelerated Floating Point Unit (FPU) calculations, single-cycle multiply and accumulate, and hardware divide for energy-efficient processing complex operations.

The nRF52840 also has an improved output power of 8dB on top of the long-range features in BT5 and development on the nRF52840 is supported by KEIL, IAR and GCC. The chip also has a host of other power-saving features for extended battery life, a powerful on-chip cryptographic coprocessor that incorporates a true random number generator (TRNG) and support for a wide range of asymmetric, symmetric and hashing cryptographic services for secure applications and on-chip NFC.

And BT 5 is backwards-compatible with the 4.x versions. With these key improvements, BT5 is set for greater adoption in the Internet of Things (IoT) arena. New applications in the consumer home-automation space, such as controlled lighting, are possible. This is especially true for industrial IoT, where the new BT5 features are a good fit for low-data-rate sensor reading with greater range, security, and reliability.

Applications

Advanced high-performance wearables
Wearables for secure payments
Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality systems
Smart home sensor networks
Smart city sensor networks
High-performance HID controllers
Internet of Things (IoT) sensor networks
Smart door locks
Smart lighting networks
Connected white goods

Further resources: Nordic’s nRF52840 introduction video, embedded world 2017 demonstration, SDK preview video

Read more about BLE in our related series of articles:

If you’re looking for wireless technology for your IoT/smart-device project, have a chat with us to discuss the future possibilities of incorporating BT5 to speed up and simplify new product designs for your business.

Build the future.

Tags ble, bluetooth, bluetooth 5, IoT

News Tutorials

Gerbers to Footprint!

Post author By Kenneth
Post date March 24, 2017

Foreword

This post is excellent for those who are looking to extract reference designs (in Gerber files) from silicon manufacturers. In this example, I am trying to save myself from having to draw a PCB trace antenna from scratch! We will copy the reference antenna design from Dialog Semiconductors for its DA14580 BLE chips and use that as a footprint for my PCB.

Let me show you how to extract a component footprint from the Gerber files,

Tools

Gerber Files

In this example, I downloaded the reference PCB trace antenna design from Dialog and extracted the Gerber files which were in ART format. These are the “blueprints”, if you will, to a PCB manufacturer in terms of how each layer of the PCB is supposed to look.

PCB Design Software

We will be using Altium Designer 13.1 PCB Design software for this tutorial.

Reverse Engineering the Gerber Files

Import Gerber and Drill Files

First, we have to import the Gerber files into Altium Designer. Create a new CAMtastic document by clicking File>New>CAM Document. Next, initiate the import process by clicking File>Import>Gerber.

Select the desired Gerber files (i.e. layers of interest) into the CAMtastic document.

TIP: Click on “Settings…”.

TIP: Follow the above settings.

It is important that you follow the recommended settings during the import. This will guarantee that the dimensions are correct (in my first few attempts, they were several times larger). Now click “OK” to execute the import.

The imported Gerber files. Highlighted here is just the Top layer which I am interested in.

The import process is not complete yet without the Drill file(s). Initiate it by clicking File>Import>Drill. Follow the same import settings as with the Gerber files. TIP: If we don’t import the Drill files, we won’t be able to extract the netlist(s) later on to export to PCB.

Select the Drill file(s) to load into the CAMtastic document.

TIP: Select the appropriate import settings.

Providing Information about the Layers

To extract the netlists, we need to first associate and establish the layer sets (for eg. the drill layer and top and bottom layers). Click on Tables>Layers Sets. You need at least ONE layers set to move on. You should also set the Layers Order by clicking Tables>Layers Order, otherwise, you will encounter an error when trying to export to PCB.

Insert a layer set by associating the drill layer(s) with the signal/plane layer(s).

Extract the Netlists

We need to now extract the net(s) by clicking on Tools>Netlist>Extract. Now, the traces are identified with a net as they were during the PCB design process.

TIP: Ensure the netlist(s) are extracted from the Gerber files. You can export it to a PCB document.

Export to PCB Document

To generate the PCB document, click on File>Export>Export to PCB (previously grayed out if the preceding steps are not performed). You will now see all the Gerber files being converted into the PCB document.

TIP: Select the desired trace(s) that you want to copy as a footprint.

Copy as Footprint

After you have selected the trace(s) that you wish to copy, paste them in the Footprint PCB Library and create a new component for it.

Now you’re ready to rock and roll with your new footprint reference design!

Summary

We have gone through a step-by-step analysis on how to import the reference design in Gerber files, extract the necessary layer and netlist information, convert them into the PCB document and thereafter be able to reuse it as a component footprint! Perhaps, if you had tried to draw this from scratch, you would have taken a full day to do just that.

I hope that you found my example useful and hope it will come in handy for any advanced users out there. Thanks for reading!

References

https://techdocs.altium.com/display/ADOH/CAM+Editor+Reverse+Engineering+PCBs
https://techdocs.altium.com/display/ADOH/CAM+Editor+Panels+for+Fabrication+and+Assembly
http://techdocs.altium.com/display/ADOH/CAM+Editor+Data+Verification

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